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表语从句:
就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。
表语从句是名词性从句的一种。
表语从句的基本结构是:
“主语+连系动词+关联词+表语从句”。
连接表语从句的连接词有:
that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever,whomever,whichever ,whatever等。
例如:The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
①语序:
从句的语序必须是陈述句语序,即“主语+谓语”这种形式。
②时态:
当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候,从句可以是任何时态,而当主句是一般过去时的时候,从句,从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态,即(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时)。
③连接词:
当从句意思完整,主句意思肯定时,连接词用that,且可以省去,当从句意思完整,主句意思不确定或含否定含意时,常用if或whether(是否),当从句意思不完整时,连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。

表语从句种类:
根据关联词来区分,表语从句可以分为六种:
一、由that引导的表语从句
The trouble is that he misunderstood me.麻烦的是他误解了我。
有时,引导表语从句的连词that可以省略
The truth is (that) I didn’t finish my term essay. 事实是我没有写完学期论文。

二、由连接代(副)词引导的表语从句
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever;
连接副词where, when, how, why。
That was what she said this morning in her bedroom.那就是她今天早晨在卧室中说的。

三、由关系代词型的what引导的从句
I want to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be.
我想当老师,那是我的志愿。

四、关联词是连词because
比较下面这两个句子:
I was angry. That was because he didn’t understand me.
我生气是因为他不理解我。(表语从句强调原因)
That’s why he got fired from that firm.那正是他被公司解雇的原因。(表语从句强调结果)
注意:reason作主语或主语中包含事件的起因时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that来引导,而不用because
That is why ...是常用句型,其中why引导的从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说过的原因进行总结。
1. That is the reason why ...That is the reason why ...与That is why ...是同义的,
但是从语法结构上讲,That is the reason why ...中的why引导的是一个定语从句,将其中的the reason去掉后则与That is why ...结构一样了
2. That is because ...That is because ...也是一个常用句型。
That is because ...句型中,连词because引导的从句作表语,
That is because ...与That is why ...之间的不同在于That is because ...指原因或理由,
That is why ...则指由于各种原因造成的结果
He did not read Harry Potter last night. That is because he had to help his mother to do the housework.
昨天晚上他没有读《哈里波特》,那是因为他得帮助他妈妈做家务。

五、关联词是从属连词whether, as, as if
The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.
问题是我们能否赢得大多数民众的支持。

六. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示,should可省略。
常见的词有:advice,suggestion,order,proposal,plan,idea等。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。

表语从句中需要注意的地方:
1. 表语从句一定要用陈述语序;
2. 不可以用if,而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外);
3. 与宾语从句不同,在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
4. 连接词that一般不能省略,但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时,that可以省略。如:
What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。
5. 当句子的主语是:advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时,
表语从句须用虚拟语气,即:should +do。如:
My advice is that you should go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。

表语从句语法提示:
应注意的问题:
1. 连系动词be,appear,seem,look等之后可以跟表语从句。
It was because he didn"t pass the exam.那是因为他没有通过考试。

2. 引导表语从句的引导词有以下几类。
1)wh-疑问词
My question is who left.我想问的是谁离开了。
2)whether
My question is whether he left(or not)。 我的问题是他是否离开了。
注:if不能引导表语从句。
3)that
The fact is that he left. 事实是他离开了。
注:引导表语从句的连词that间或可以省略。
The truth is(that)I didn"t go there. 事实是我没去那儿。
4)because,as,as if,as though
It"s just because he doesn"t know her. 这是仅仅因为他不认识她。

3.表语从句要用陈述语序
That is where the famous scientist was born.

4.that和what在引导表语从句时,作用和意义都不相同。
That本身没有词义,在句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分;what则表示“所……的(人或事)”,在表语从句中充当主语或宾语等。
That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.

5.If 与whether均意为“是否”,但引导表语从句时,只能用whether, 不能用if。
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.

6.As, if, though引导的表语从句时,从句谓语多用虚拟语气。
这是因为从句中的情况与事实不相符。具体来说,如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去式;
如果从句表示与过去事实相反时,谓语动词要用“had +过去分词”,如果从句表示将来的可能性不大,用would (might ,could )+动词原形,如:
Li Lei is now in a new jacket he looks as if he were an American boy.
但是,如果as if ,as though 引导的表语从句所表示的与事实相符,从句则用陈述语气,如:
The clouds are gathering. It looks as if is going to rain.

考点名称:连接副词

连接副词:
可分为两类,一类是用于连接句子或从句,常见的有therefore, otherwise, however, moreover, still, thus, meanwhile等;
另一类是用于引导从句或不定式,主要有when, why, where, how等。
例如:We all tried our best; however, we lost the game.
Tell me when we shall leave.
I do not know how to find him.

连接副词的特点:
一、连接句子或从句的连接副词
连接副词的性质类似于并列连词,使用时其前通常用分号或句号;
若其前用逗号,则通常带有并列连词(如and)。如:
I don"t like it; besides, it"s too expensive. 我不喜欢它,而且也太贵了。
We all tried our best; however, we lost the game. / We all tried our best. However, we lost the game. 我们都已尽了最大的努力,不过我们还是输了。
注意,有的连接副词(如however等)后通常有逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。另外,有的这类副词还可位于句中或句末:
Peter is our youngest child, and we have three others besides. 彼昨是我们最小的孩子,我们另外还有三个孩子。
He may, however, come later. 不过,他也许一会儿就到。
We all tried out best. We lost the game, however. 我们都已尽了最大的努力,不过我们还是输了。

二、引导从句和不定式的连接副词
用于引导从句(名词性从句)或不定式的连接副词主要有when, why, where, how等。如:
Tell me when we shall leave. / Tell me when to leave. 告诉我什么时候离开。
I don"t know how I can find him. / I don"t know how to find him. 我不知道如何找到他。
Where we can get the money is just our problem. / Where to get the money is just our problem. 到哪里去弄到这笔钱正是我们头痛的事。
That"s why he speaks English so well. 那就是他为什么英语讲得这么好的原因。
注:连接副词why 后不能不定式,如可说 I don"t know why I must leave.(我不知道我为什么必须离开),但不能说 I don"t know why to leave。

连接副词的句法特征:
所谓连接代词和副词,实际上就是我们以前学过的疑问代词和副词,如who, whose, whom, what, which, when,where, why,how以及由how构成的词组。
1.连接副词起对等连接词的作用,连接两个句子或子句,如:
however, so, then,moreover,concequencely,hence,also,besides,,otherwise,therefore,thus等。
I feel a bit tired. However, I can hold on.我有点累了,但我能坚持下去。
They talked about it for hours. Finally, they decided to go。他们对此商量了好几个小时,最后他们决定去。

2.连接副词通常位于子句的句首,有的也可位于句中。
They talked about it for hours. Finally, they decided to go。他们对此商量了好几个小时,最后他们决定去。
finally作为连接副词,放在句子的句首。
I have never been to Wales. I, therefore, don"t know much about it.我从未去过威尔斯,因此我对它知道的不多。
therefore作为连接副词,位于句子的句中。

3.有些连接副词的含义彼此相同或相近,在使用时可以互相替换,而不会改变原句的含义。
The weather was cold. Therefore(Thus), we stayed home.天气寒冷,因此我们待在家里。
therefore和thus的含义相近,因而也可以互相替换。

在应用时要注意以下两点:
一是它们在构成疑问句时叫疑问词,引导宾语从句时称作引导词。
一是它们和that不一样,在从句中有含义,担任相关的句子成分,所以不能省略,另外,它们须放在宾语从句之首,宾语从句必须是陈述句结构。

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if, as if, as though(不充当从句的任何成分,但绝不能省略)
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever.
连接副词:when, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why

不可省略的连词:
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.


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